Homework 11AGg1
Due Tuesday 08/10/13
Complete the tourism past paper question.
At this point in the term, homework should also include revision for the physical mock exam coming up in November.
This will be 1 hour 30 minutes, answering questions on these sections:
Restless Earth
Water on the Land
The Coastal Zone
Here are the links to some past papers and revision websites to help you.
Miss Richmond
Welcome Back Year 11 Geographers!
The Geography Department would like to wish you every success this year.
It will be exciting, challenging and rewarding!
We're here to help, don't hesitate to ask if you are unsure.
Miss Richmond's class, don't forget, revision lessons are starting on Monday after school in my room.
Coasts Revision - See the notes below to help!
Test Tuesday 24/09/13
Weathering Processes in Action
Mechanical Weathering - Freeze-thaw
Chemical Weathering - the rock's mineral composition is changed, leading to the disintegration of the rock. Slight acidity in the water results in chemical weathering. Limestone is very vulnerable to attack as it has lines of weakness running through it.
Four ways that waves and tides erode the coast are described below:
- Hydraulic action. Air becomes trapped in joints and cracks in the cliff face. When a wave breaks, the trapped air is compressed which weakens the cliff and causes erosion.
- Abrasion. Bits of rock and sand in waves are flung against the cliff face. Over time they grind down cliff surfaces like sandpaper.
- Attrition. Waves smash rocks and pebbles on the shore into each other, and they break and become smaller and smoother.
- Solution. Weak acids contained in sea water will dissolve some types of rock such as chalk or limestone.
Rates of erosion depend on many different factors:
Waves - strength, height, frequency
Weather - frequency of storm conditions
Geology of the coastline - type of rock, degree of resistance, stratification, stability
There are four ways that waves and tidal currents transport material:
Solution. Minerals are dissolved in sea water and carried in solution. The load is not visible. Load can come from cliffs made from chalk or limestone, and calcium carbonate is carried along in solution.
Suspension. Small particles are carried in water, eg silts and clays, which can make the water look cloudy. Currents pick up large amounts of sediment in suspension during a storm, when strong winds generate high energy waves.
Saltation. Load is bounced along the sea bed, eg small pieces of shingle or large sand grains. Currents cannot keep the larger and heavier sediment afloat for long periods.
Traction. Pebbles and larger sediment are rolled along the sea bed.
Longshore Drift Clip
The transport of sediment along the coast by waves is called longshore drift. Waves often approach the coastline at an angle due to the direction of the prevailing wind. Sediment is taken onto the beach at the angle of the wind, then washed out again at right angles to the coastline (see the clip above).
Longshore drift is important in the formation of all landforms of coastal deposition.
Coastal deposition takes place in areas where the flow of water slows down. When energy drops, sediment can no longer be transported therefore it is dropped (deposited). Deposition commonly occurs in bays as the energy of waves is reduced.
Longshore drift is important in the formation of all landforms of coastal deposition.
Coastal deposition takes place in areas where the flow of water slows down. When energy drops, sediment can no longer be transported therefore it is dropped (deposited). Deposition commonly occurs in bays as the energy of waves is reduced.
Waves
Waves are responsible for most of the erosion along coastlines. WInd blowing over the surface of the sea causes ripples which turn into waves. The waves that erode the most are called destructive waves.
Waves are responsible for most of the erosion along coastlines. WInd blowing over the surface of the sea causes ripples which turn into waves. The waves that erode the most are called destructive waves.
Circular
orbit
In
open water a wave travels in a circular orbit moving unimpeded through the
water column
Friction
Friction
with the sea bed and coastal shelf makes the wave form more elliptical. As the
back of the wave catches up with the front piling water up at the crest of the
wave.
Swash - when the wave is travelling up the beach
Backwash - when it is travelling back out to sea
Destructive Waves
- They occur on steeply sloping coasts
- They break violently with high energy
- Weak swash but strong backwash as the gradient causes the waves to plunge back directly down coast
- Waves do not travel very far up the coast to deposit sediment
- Strong backwash allows waves to erode coastal and beach material and carry it away from the coast back out to sea
Constructive Waves
- Waves that occur in calm weather on gently sloping coasts
- Strong swash weak backwash
- Gentle gradient allows the wave to surge a greater distance up the coast
- More sediment is carried up than cleared
- Coast is built up by the deposited sediment
Fetch
The fetch of a wave is the distance of open water over which the wind can blow. The bigger the fetch, the bigger the wave.
Cliffs and wave-cut platforms
Caves, arches, stacks and stumps
Depositional Landforms
Beaches
Spits
Bars
Rising Sea Levels
Reasons for rising sea level
Thames Estuary case study to illustrate the economic, social, environmental and political impact of coastal flooding.
Cliff Collapse Case Study -
Choose one of the options below. We have looked at both during lessons.
A case study of an area of recent or threatened cliff collapse – rates of coastal erosion;
reasons why some areas are susceptible to undercutting by the sea and collapse; how people may worsen the situation; the impact on people’s lives and the environment
Mass Movement
Mass movement is the downhill movement of material under the influence of gravity.
Types of Mass Movement:
Rockfall
Landslide
Mudflow
Rotational slip
Research each one of these
Erosional Landforms
Headlands and Bays
Cliffs and wave-cut platforms
Caves, arches, stacks and stumps
Depositional Landforms
Beaches
Spits
Bars
Rising Sea Levels
Reasons for rising sea level
Thames Estuary case study to illustrate the economic, social, environmental and political impact of coastal flooding.
Cliff Collapse Case Study -
Choose one of the options below. We have looked at both during lessons.
A case study of an area of recent or threatened cliff collapse – rates of coastal erosion;
reasons why some areas are susceptible to undercutting by the sea and collapse; how people may worsen the situation; the impact on people’s lives and the environment
We also looked at Holderness, East Yorkshire.
Coastal Management Strategies
More than 15 million people in the UK live close to the coast. There are two main threats; coastal erosion and the threat of flooding. Sustainable management is an important consideration.
Hard Engineering vs Soft Engineering
Hard engineering involves the use of man made structures to protect against the natural forces of the coastline.
Examples include:
Sea Walls
Groynes
Rock Armour
Soft engineering try to work with natural coastal processes.
Examples:
Beach nourishment
Dune regeneration
Marsh Creation
Investigate the positives and negatives of each.
Managed Retreat is a third option. This involves doing nothing and allowing the coastline to change naturally without intervention. No repairs are carried out to existing sea walls or defences. The tide can invade low lying land to create salt marshes.
This is an option if there is a high risk of flooding or sea collapse and where land is relatively low value such as poor grazing land.
Salt Marshes - Coastal Habitat
A case study of a coastal habitat - Keyhaven Marshes, Hampshire
You need to know its environmental characteristics; the resulting habitat and species that inhabit it and reasons why. Strategies to ensure the environment is conserved, but also allow sustainable use of the area.
Revision
Sort the statements below into the correct columns.
Shield Volcano Cone Volcano
Formation
As the plates move apart, magma rises upwards from the
mantle to fill the gap. This adds new rock to the spreading plates. Some magma
may also be forced out to the surface through a vent. Some volcanoes grow high
enough to form volcanic islands.
When the plates collide, the denser oceanic plate is pushed
down into the mantle. Here the plate melts and is destroyed in the subduction
zone. In the subduction zone the plate forms a pool of magma. The great heat
and pressure may force the magma along a crack where it erupts at the surface
to build up a volcano.
Characteristics
Tall cone with narrow base and steep sides
Made up of layers of lava and ash
Acid Lava = high silica content
Cone with a wide base and gentle slopes
Lava pours out with little violence
Regular and frequent eruptions
Violent explosions possible
Irregular activity sometimes with long dormant periods
Made of lava only
Basic lava (low silica content)
Diagram
Gentle slopes
Crater
Vent
Secondary vent/cone
Layers of ash and lava
Examples
Kekla and Surtsey, Iceland Mauna
Loa and Kilauea, Hawaii
Etna and Vesuvius, Italy Krakatoa, Indonesia
11A Gg2
What's going on in Rio?
The link below takes you to a BBC podcast. The broadcast highlights one of the current strategies being implemented by the Brazilian gorvernment aimed at improving living conditions and the quality of life for people in the favelas, (particularly Rocinha) leading up to the World Cup in 2014 and the Olympics 2016.
Welcome back Year 11!
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